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GENTAUR Europe BVBA Voortstraat 49, 1910 Kampenhout BELGIUM Tel 0032 16 58 90 45 Fax 0032 16 50 90 45 This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.">This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. |
GENTAUR BULGARIA
53 Iskar Str. 1191 Kokalyane, Sofia
Tel 0035924682280
Fax 0035929830072
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GENTAUR France SARL
9, rue Lagrange, 75005 Paris
Tel 01 43 25 01 50
Fax 01 43 25 01 60
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GmbH Marienbongard 20
52062 Aachen Deutschland
Tel (+49) 0241 56 00 99 68
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GENTAUR Ltd.
Howard Frank Turnberry House
1404-1410 High Road
Whetstone London N20 9BH
Tel 020 3393 8531
Fax 020 8445 9411
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GENTAUR Poland Sp. z o.o.
ul. Grunwaldzka 88/A m.2
81-771 Sopot, Poland
Tel 058 710 33 44
Fax 058 710 33 48
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GENTAUR Nederland BV
Kuiper 1
5521 DG Eersel Nederland
Tel 0208-080893
Fax 0497-517897
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GENTAUR SRL IVA IT03841300167
Piazza Giacomo Matteotti, 6, 24122 Bergamo
Tel 02 36 00 65 93
Fax 02 36 00 65 94
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GENTAUR Spain
Tel 0911876558
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Genprice Inc, Logistics
547, Yurok Circle
San Jose, CA 95123
Phone/Fax:
(408) 780-0908
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GENPRICE Inc. invoicing/ accounting:
6017 Snell Ave, Suite 357
San Jose, CA. 96123
Serbia, Macedonia,
Montenegro, Croatia:
Tel 0035929830070
Fax 0035929830072
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GENTAUR Romania
Tel 0035929830070
Fax 0035929830072
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GENTAUR Greece
Tel 00302111768494
Fax 0032 16 50 90 45
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Other countries
Luxembourg +35220880274
Schweiz Züri +41435006251
Danmark +4569918806
Österreich +43720880899
Ceská republika Praha +420246019719
Ireland Dublin +35316526556
Norge Oslo +4721031366
Finland Helsset +358942419041
Sverige Stockholm +46852503438
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Brain Displays an Intrinsic Mechanism for Fighting Infection
White blood cells are reign as the heroes of the immune system. When the infection, the cells produced in the bone marrow, the race through the blood to combat pathogens. But new research shows that different bodies may also play a role in immune defense, which is essentially your own hero. In a study of a rare and deadly brain infection, researchers at Rockefeller University have discovered that the brain cells of healthy people can produce their own immune system molecules, demonstrating the "intrinsic immunity" that is crucial to stop the infection.
Interfering with interferon. Herpes simplex virus-infected neurons (above)
are from patients with a genetic defect that impairs their brain’s ability to make
interferon, an important immune system protein, and leaves their brain
cells unable to fight off the infection. Healthy people, in turn,
have an intrinsic immune response to the virus. (Credit: Image courtesy of Rockefeller University)
Shen-Ying Zhang, clinical researcher at St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, has been studying children with herpes simplex encephalitis, a potentially deadly brain infection herpes virus, HSV-1, which may be important to brain damage. Scientists already knew from previous work that children with encephalitis have a genetic defect that affects the functions of the immune system receptor - Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) - in the brain. For this study we wanted to see how a defect in TLR3 prevent the brain's ability to fight herpes infection.
When TLR3 recognizes pathogen that causes an immune response that causes the release of proteins known as interferons, and ringing "interfere" with the replication of the pathogen. Most commonly associated with white blood cells that are present within the body, but in this case researchers examines the existence of the receptor in neurons and other brain cells.
"One interesting thing for these patients is that they have none of the other symptoms, the most frequent herpes. They had an infection of the skin or mouth only in their brains. Therefore hypothesis that TLR3 responses should be specifically responsible for the maintenance of herpes virus infects the brain and is not necessary in other parts of the body, "says Zhang.
The laboratory, directed by Jean-Laurent Casanova, together with scientists from Harvard Medical School and the Institute of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer to create induced pluripotent stem cells. Made from the patient's own tissue, the stem cells are converted into cells of the central nervous system, which leads to patient genetic defects. Zhang cells exposed to HSV-1 and synthetic double-stranded RNA, which mimics the product of the virus that stimulates Toll-like receptor activity. By measuring the levels of interferon, Zhang revealed that TLR3 response of patients was in fact defective, cells were making these important immune system proteins, preventing them from fighting infection.
Zhang also exposed to the blood cells of patients with the virus and it was found that TLR3 defect is no problem there, as in the brain - interferons were released in another manner.
Because Toll-like receptors in neurons was vital to prevent infection, encephalitis, researchers concluded that brain cells use as an internal mechanism to fight infection, rather than relying on the white blood cells. When the function deteriorates, patients who can not be improved.
"This is proof of intrinsic immunity, recently discovered function of the immune system," says Zhang. "It is very likely that other organs also have their own specific tools to fight infection."
Researchers are putting together a pilot study to test interferon-based therapy in patients with encephalitis, believing that will help speed recovery and increase survival when used in combination with antiviral drugs. They have also examined whether the brain shows intrinsic immunity to other viral infections.