The hands of French apiarist Andre Frieh hold jars of coloured honey at his home in Ribeauville near Colmar Eastern France, October 5, 2012. (Reuters/Vincent Kessler)

While providing a thorough overview of the observed objects, optical microscopes are limited by so-called. diffraction barrier, why microscope can not distinguish two separate objects if they are at a distance of less than about 200 nm. This microscope is not simple, says Gizmodo.

Combining powerful optics and advanced algorithms to recreate the image, DeltaVision OMX Blaze General Electric Company allows us to peer into the microscopic world and remain amazed by it.

Established in 2011, DeltaVision OMX Blaze worth 1.2 million dollars. "Some of us jokingly started calling him OMG, after seeing images that can produce it," says Jane Stout of the Medical Faculty of the University of Indiana in Bloomington.

In footage shown here winning Elestric General Healthcare Life Sciences 2012 Imaging Competition.

"Amphibian horror" isn't a movie genre, but on this evidence perhaps it should be. Harvard biologists have described a bizarre, hairy frog with cat-like extendable claws.Trichobatrachus robustus actively breaks its own bones to produce claws that puncture their way out of the frog's toe pads, probably when it is threatened. David Blackburn and colleagues at Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology, think the gruesome behaviour is a defence mechanism. The researchers say there are salamanders that force their ribs through their skin to produce protective barbs on demand, but nothing quite like this mechanism has been seen before. The feature is also found in nine of the 11 frogs belonging to the Astylosternusgenus, most of which live in Cameroon.

Instant weapon

"Some other frogs have bony spines that project from their wrist, but in those species it appears that the bones grow through the skin rather than pierce it when needed for defence," says Blackburn. At rest, the claws of T. robustus, found on the hind feet only, are nestled inside a mass of connective tissue. A chunk of collagen forms a bond between the claw's sharp point and a small piece of bone at the tip of the frog's toe. The other end of the claw is connected to a muscle. Blackburn and his colleagues believe that when the animal is attacked, it contracts this muscle, which pulls the claw downwards. The sharp point then breaks away from the bony tip and cuts through the toe pad, emerging on the underside.

Hirsute horror

The end result may look like a cat's claw, but the breaking and cutting mechanism is very different and unique among vertebrates. Also unique is the fact that the claw is just bone and does not have an outer coating of keratin like other claws do. Because Blackburn has only studied dead specimens, he says he does not know what happens when the claw retracts - or even how it retracts. It does not appear to have a muscle to pull it back inside so the team think it may passively slide back into the toe pad when its muscle relaxes. "Being amphibians, it would not be surprising if some parts of the wound heal and the tissue is regenerated," says Blackburn. Males of the species, which grows to about 11 centimetres, also produce long hair-like strands of skin and arteries when they breed (see image). It is thought that the "hairs" allow them to take in more oxygen through their skin while they take care of their brood.

Spiky snack

In Cameroon, they are roasted and eaten. Hunters use long spears and machetes to kill the frogs, apparently to avoid being hurt by their claws. "This is an incredible story," says Ian Stephen, curator of herpetology at the Zoological Society of London, UK. "Some frogs grow spines on their thumbs during breeding season, but this is entirely different." "For me, it highlights the need for a lot more research on amphibians especially in light of the threat of mass extinctions," he adds. The existence of frogs with erectile claws like cats was first described by Belgian zoologist George Boulenger in 1900 in frogs found in the French Congo, now the Republic of Congo.

Pluri-EZ™ hESC/iPSC Culture Medium

Cat #: ASM-5014
Product Size: 100 ml
Background: The ability to culture human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and Induced Plurpotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) under chemically defined conditions is a prerequisite not only for the production of hESCs/iPSCs under GMP conditions but, also the development of protocols that will be used for future preclinical/clinical studies (1). Attempts at the formulation of chemically defined tissue culture conditions have included: 1) The replacement of serum in the medium with a chemically defined substitute (2,3) and the replacement of a MEF feeder layer with a defined feeder free culture surface (4-6).

Figure 1: (a) iPSC passage 5 growth curves comparing Pluri-EZ™ to mTeSR™. No statistical difference was found in iPSC growth. Typical iPSC colony grown using Pluri-EZ™(b) and mTeSR™(c).
Product description: Pluri-EZ is chemical based media and highly stable.
Storage conditions: -20˚C; 1 year, 4˚C; 2 months. Minimize exposure to direct light.
Shipping: On dry ice

Notes:
1. Thaw the Pluri-EZ™ medium either overnight at 4˚C or for 20 minutes at RT.
2. Addition of bFGF and Activin A may help cell culture results.

Neuro-Sure™ Neural Crest Stem Cell Culture Media

Cat #: ASM-4021
Product Size: 100 ml
Background: One of the defining characteristics of vertebrate development is the migration of neural crest cells from the neural tube. Neural crest cells give rise to a variety of tissues such as melanocytes, some heart vessels, cephalic neuroendocrine organs, connective tissue of the craniofacial skeleton and the neurons and glia of both the sensory and autonomic ganglia of the peripheral nervous systems 1,2. The study of neural stem cells and their progenitors, Neural Crest Stem Cells (NCSCs), have direct medical implications. Numerous pathologies, such as skeletal and nervous system disorders and peripheral neuropathies, arise from aberrant migration, specification or differentiation of neural crest cells3,4. In order to assist in your neural crest cell studies, our NCSC media has been optimized to contain all the factors required to support NCSCs plated on fibronectin coated tissue culture surfaces.
Product description and usage: Add 2 mL of NCSC medium supplement to 498 mL of
NCSC culture medium to produce 500 mL of NCSC media.

Storage conditions for NCSC medium: -80˚C; 1 year, 4˚C; two weeks. Minimize exposure
to direct light.

Storage condition for NCSC supplement: -80˚C; 1 year, 4˚C; two weeks.

Storage condition for NCSC media: 4˚C; two weeks. Minimize exposure to direct light.

Shipping: On dry ice.

Recommended procedure:
1. Thaw NCSC medium either overnight at 4˚C or for several hours at RT.
2. Thaw the NCSC medium supplement at RT.
3. Using sterile technique, add the NCSC medium supplement to the NSCS medium. Mix thoroughly and store the newly made media at 4˚C for up to two weeks. NOTE: NCSC medium can be filter sterilized if desired. Do NOT filter sterilize the NCSC medium supplement. Add this supplement directly to the NCSC medium.
4. Prior to use, warm the media to RT in the tissue culture hood. Due to the complex composition of the NCSC media, we do not recommend warming the media in a 370C water bath.

ESC-Sure™ Serum-/Feeder- Free hESC/iPSC Culture Medium (SFFM)

Cat #: ASM-5010
Product Size: 100 ml
Our Serum, feeder-free medium formulations are optimized for human ESC and iPSC culture. It contains growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins secreted by MEF cells.

SFFM is ready-to-use.
- Only need to add FGF2
- Culture dish coating: matrigel or similar matrix.

Blastocyst-Sure™ KSOM Embryo Culture Medium, with Phenol Red (with Amino Acid)

Cat #: ASM-5023
Product Size: 1 Pack (8 ml X 3 vials)
Size: 1 Pack (8 mL X 3 vials)

Blastocyst-Sure™ embryo culture medium is designed for in vitro culture of mouse embryos. Our optimized formula ensures that mouse embryos develop to blastocyst stage as close as they do in vivo. Each batch of Blastocyst-Sure™ embryo culture medium passes a stringent embryo culture test before they are released.

Formulation: Frozen liquid
Recommended protocol:
1. After thawing, the Blastocyst-Sure™ embryo culture medium should be used within 2 weeks. If you need to store media for later use, store it at 4C in dark for up to 2 weeks. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles.
2. Prepare drops of Blastocyst-Sure™ embryo culture medium in advance. Cover medium drops with light mineral oil (embryo tested grade) and equilibrate in a 37C, 5% CO2 incubator for a couple of hours before use.
3. Change to fresh medium every 24h during embryo culture.

Blastocyst-Sure™ KSOM Embryo Culture Medium, without Phenol Red (with Amino Acid)

Cat #: ASM-5024
Product Size: 1 Pack (8 ml X 3 vials)
Size: 1 Pack (8 mL X 3 vials)

Blastocyst-Sure™ embryo culture medium is designed for in vitro culture of mouse embryos. Our optimized formula ensures that mouse embryos develop to blastocyst stage as close as they do in vivo. Each batch of Blastocyst-Sure™ embryo culture medium passes a stringent embryo culture test before they are released.

Formulation: Frozen liquid
Recommended protocol:
1. After thawing, the Blastocyst-Sure™ embryo culture medium should be used within 2 weeks. If you need to store media for later use, store it at 4C in dark for up to 2 weeks. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles.
2. Prepare drops of Blastocyst-Sure™ embryo culture medium in advance. Cover medium drops with light mineral oil (embryo tested grade) and equilibrate in a 37C, 5% CO2 incubator for a couple of hours before use.
3. Change to fresh medium every 24h during embryo culture.

Product name: HybridomaMax Growth Suppliment 
Catalog number: TX-HYB-02
Quantity: 11ml
Availability: Yes

The HybridoMax Hybridoma Growth Supplement replaces feeder layers or other conditioned media and growth factors used in hybridoma production. HybridoMax increases the yield of hybridomas surviving HAT selection, the cloning efficiency of B-cell hybridomas, and the number of antibody producing colonies.

The HybridoMax Hybridoma Growth Supplement is ready to use. Prepare the serum free Hybridoma growth medium by dissolving 1 bottle of HybridoMax (11 ml) into 1 Liter of D-MEM F-12 (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium F-12).

The prepared Serum-Free Hybridoma growth medium is a chemically defined culture medium supporting the serum-free growth of various hybridomas and 293 cells. The compounds of Hybridoma growth medium include water for injection, a modified DMEM/F12 base, HEPES buffer, known amounts of insulin, transferin, testosterone, sodium selenite, ethanolamine, a variety of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and stabilizing proteins. HybridoMax contains no IL-6 and no bovine serum albumine or other undefined protein mixtures.

Price: 137 €

HYB-05: 5 bottles for 645€
HYB-10: 10 bottles for 1150€

 Click here for Datasheet

Saito collaborated with biomedical researchers at Johns Hopkins University, applying his proteomic techniques to explore proteins in a terrestrial organism, the bacteria that cause Lyme Disease. Unlike all other known organisms, Borrelia burgdorferi need manganese (blue dot), rather than iron, to serve as linchpins bonded into key enzymes. The scientists found that to cause disease, Borrelia require unusually high levels of manganese. The findings open new avenues to search for ways to attack the bacteria. Credit: P. John Hart, University of Texas. Scientists have confirmed that the pathogen that causes Lyme Disease—unlike any other known organism—can exist without iron, a metal that all other life needs to make proteins and enzymes. Instead of iron, the bacteria substitute manganese to make an essential enzyme, thus eluding immune system defenses that protect the body by starving pathogens of iron.

To cause disease, Borrelia burgdorferi requires unusually high levels of manganese, scientists at Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), and the University of Texas reported. Their study, published March 22, 2013, in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, may explain some mysteries about why Lyme Disease is slow-growing and hard to detect and treat. The findings also open the door to search for new therapies to thwart the bacterium by targeting manganese. "When we become infected with pathogens, from tuberculosis to yeast infections, the body has natural immunological responses," said Valeria Culotta, a molecular biologist at the JHU Bloomberg School of Public Health. The liver produces hepcidin, a hormone that inhibits iron from being absorbed in the gut and also prevents it from getting into the bloodstream. "We become anemic, which is one reason we feel terrible, but it effectively starves pathogens of iron they need to grow and survive," she said. Borrelia, with no need for iron,has evolved to evade that defense mechanism. In 2000, groundbreaking research on Borrelia's genome by James Posey and Frank Gherardini at the University of Georgia showed that the bacterium has no genes that code to make iron-containing proteins and typically do not accumulate any detectable iron. Culotta's lab at JHU investigates what she called "metal-trafficking" in organisms­—the biochemical mechanisms that cells and pathogens such as Borrelia use to acquire and manipulate metal ions for their biological purposes. "If Borrelia doesn't use iron, what does it use?" Culotta asked. To find out, Culotta's lab joined forces with Mak Saito, a marine chemist at WHOI, who had developed techniques to explore how marine life uses metals. Saito was particularly intrigued because of the high incidence of Lyme Disease on Cape Cod, where WHOI is located, and because he specializes in metalloproteins, which contain iron, zinc, cobalt, and other elements often seen in vitamin supplements. The metals serve as linchpins, binding to enzymes. They help determine the enzymes' distinctive three-dimensional shapes and the specific chemical reactions they catalyze.

It's difficult to identify what metals are within proteins because typical analyses break apart proteins, often separating metal from protein. Saito used a liquid chromatography mass spectrometer to distinguish and measure separate individual Borrelia proteins according to their chemical properties and infinitesimal differences in their masses. Then he used an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to detect and measure metals down to parts per trillion. Together, the combined analyses not only measured the amounts of metals and proteins, they showed that the metals are components of the proteins. "The tools he has are fantastic," Culotta said. "Not too many people have this set of tools to detect metalloproteins." The experiments revealed that instead of iron, Borrelia uses that element's next-door neighbor on the periodic chart, manganese, in certain Borrelia enzymes. These include an amino peptidase and an important antioxidant enzyme called superoxide dismutase. Superoxide dismutase protects the pathogens against a second defense mechanism that the body throws against them. The body bombards pathogens with superoxide radicals, highly reactive molecules that cause damage within the pathogens. Superoxide dismutase is like an antioxidant that neutralizes the superoxides so that the pathogens can continue to grow. The discoveries open new possibilities for therapies, Culotta said. "The only therapy for Lyme Disease right now are antibiotics like penicillin, which are effective if the disease is detected early enough. It works by attacking the bacteria's cell walls. But certain forms of Borrelia, such as the L-form, can be resistant because they are deficient in cell walls." "So we'd like to find targets inside pathogenic cell that could thwart their growth," she continued. "The best targets are enzymes that the pathogens have, but people do not, so they would kill the pathogens but not harm people." Borrelia's distinctive manganese-containing enzymes such as superoxide dismutase may have such attributes. In search of new avenues of attack, the groups are planning to expand their collaborative efforts by mapping out all the metal-binding proteins that Borellia uses and investigating biochemical mechanisms that the bacteria use to acquire manganese and directs it into essential enzymes. Knowing details of how that happens offers ways to disrupt the process and deter Lyme Disease.

Interview with Dr. Alexiev Venelin.

Since when there is a procedure to remove teeth to derive stem cells?

In 2003, American scientists discovered that the pulp of milk teeth is a valuable source of biological mesenchymal stem cells that can be isolated and used cryopreservatеа treatment at a critical moment for the man. Scientific achievement is enormous. It's most popular method of extracting stem cells from the umbilical cord and placenta, add another one to the undeniable advantages. It gives parents a second chance, missed the first - to preserve stem cells at birth of their children. Today technology is successfully practiced in the U.S., UK, Greece and Bulgaria in two years.

How and what are the indications for extraction of milk teeth?

Milk tooth extraction is a safe, natural and completely noninvasive method for the extraction and storage of stem cells. Appropriate age from 5 to 12 years. For starters dentist tooth determine whether appropriate, inspection of front upper and lower teeth. Required tooth is with mild shaking.

It is the root to be fully preserved tooth so not only leaves fall and be removed as soon as it starts to shake. Before the operation is done or sectoral panoramic photograph to determine the condition of the tooth and its removal is performed under local anesthesia.
Remove the tooth is placed into a special set of transportation and transported quickly to the laboratory. The Bank tooth is examined to extract stem cells are stored at -196 C ˚. The entire process is accompanied by protocols to ensure the unique genetic material. Finally, the child's parents receive a certificate for successfully storing an initial period of 20 years.

Experts recommend extraction of two teeth, because the pulp of a tooth leads to storage of biological material a sample application. Medical logic leads to the more material you have, the more therapeutic applications are given.

Which of milk tooth are stem cells?

In milk tooth pulp in the accumulation of dentin formed hermetically sealed and sterile space, which contains multiple stem cells. The pulp of the tooth is formed even in the embryonic stage of development of the organism and therefore the cells are young and are carriers of the original DNA. It has been shown that the pulp of a tooth contains from 1000 to 100 thousand units stem cells that can be isolated to reproduce by cell cultures to be implanted in the area of ​​the lesion, giving rise to a new tissue.

What is the application?

Stem cells from milk tooth is defined as mesenchymal, which have the ability to differentiate into tissue-forming cells - heart muscle, kidney, liver, muscle, tendons, cartilage, have the ability to form dentin. Currently, the treatment of diseases through tissue regeneration by mesenchymal stem cells is the most recent and rapidly developing trend in modern medicine.

Research into stem cell therapy is rapidly evolving and offer hope for the treatment of juvenile diabetes, heart disease, arthritic disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis and others. Japanese scientists have managed to create even new teeth in mice. All this is due to the ability of stem cells to differentiate into other cell types. Stem cells are the first motto of cells formed after fertilization, as these are the foundation of the dental pulp: mesenchymal, chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes.

The fact is that stem cells isolated from cord blood and placenta are much stronger and more numerous than any other. Since there are immunologically mature, they are able to transform into different types of blood cells, making a real alternative for the treatment of 80 types of diseases, including leukemia, disease and Hodgkin lymphoma, breast cancer and testicular multiple sclerosis , a number of neurological diseases and others.

Compared to undifferentiated cells derived from other tissue stem contained in the pulp of milk teeth, however, are very valuable because they reproduce faster, easier to differentiate into other cell types and can be extracted in many wider time range. But with aging stem cells slow their recovery and become much more efficient.

Therefore scientific theory is that the earlier draw, the more effective they will be in time.

Researchers in Spain have announced that they are closer to growing human hearts outside the body for transplant, said, "Wall Street Journal". Doctors now grown and transplanted a number of human bodies, including throat, ears, and lacrimal duct and artery. The goal now is to grow a human heart.

Researchers in Spain recalled that although the country's most donors of these bodies in the world, only 10 percent of patients in need receive a new heart. Dr. Francisco Fernandez-Aviles from the hospital in Madrid Gregorio Maranyon sure created in a laboratory version of the human heart will be ready within 5-6 years and after passing through strict regulation, will be grafted in ten years.

Dr. Doris Taylor, who raised a mouse heart in the laboratory at the University of Minnesota, said the goal is attainable. We opened the door and showed that this is not a product of science fiction and became a science, she said.

TALEN Assembly Kit
Simple (only a single-step), Fast (only 1 day), Cost-efficient !

TALEN (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease) is a novel gene targeting technology, which can solve the problem of low efficiency of RNAi and make gene targeting more convenient and efficient compared to the disadvantages of Zinc finger Nuclease Technology (ZFN) which is high cost, complicated screening, high cell toxicity and low-efficiency.

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PS：Patent application pending.

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Plant：Oryza sativa, and arabidopsis
Germ：Yeast

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On Friday at a National Geographic-sponsored TEDx conference, scientists met in Washington, D.C. to discuss which animals we should bring back from extinction. They also discussed the how, why, and ethics of doing so. They called it "de-extinction."

There are a few guidelines for which ancient species are considered, and sadly, dinosaurs are so long dead they aren't in the picture. Their DNA has long ago degraded, so researchers are fairly sure that Jurassic Park will never happen.

They chose the animals using the following criteria: Are the species desirable — do they hold an important ecological function or are they beloved by humans? Are the species practical choices — do we have access to tissue that could give us good quality DNA samples or germ cells to reproduce the species? And are they able to be reintroduced to the wild — are the habitats in which they live available and do we know why they went extinct in the first place?

This still leaves plenty of other animals on the table. The list of candidates is actually pretty long, considering. The cost of de-extinction varies by species but projects could run into the hundreds of thousands of dollars, if not more. Then there's also the cost of housing the animals once they are created, and re-introducing them into the wild and protecting them from poachers once they are there.

But, if you were the zoo that had that one Woolly mammoth or saber-toothed cat, these costs just might be worth it.

Here are 10 animals they are hoping to one day resurrect.